KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The analysis of energy consumption in a hybrid drive system of a passenger car in real road conditions is an important factor determining its operational indicators. The article presents energy consumption analysis of a car equipped with an advanced Plug-in Hybrid Drive System (PHEV), driving in real road conditions on a test section of about 51 km covered in various environmental conditions and seasons. Particular attention was paid to the energy consumption resulting from the cooperation of two independent drive units, analyzed in terms of the total energy expenditure. The energy consumption obtained from fuel and energy collected from the car’s batteries for each run over the total distance of 12,500 km was summarized. The instantaneous values of energy consumption for the hybrid drive per kilometer of distance traveled in car’s real operating conditions range from 0.6 to 1.4 MJ/km, with lower values relating to the vehicle operation only with electric drive. The upper range applies to the internal combustion engine, which increases not only the energy expenditure in the TTW (Tank-to-Wheel) system, but also CO2 emissions to the environment. Based on the experimental data, the curves of total energy consumption per kilometer of the road section traveled were determined, showing a close correlation with the actual operating conditions. Obtained values were compared with homologation data from the WLTP test of the tested passenger car, where the average value of energy demand is 1.1 MJ/km and the CO2 emission is 23 g/km.
 
REFERENCES (28)
1.
ÅHMAN, M. Primary energy efficiency of alternative powertrains in vehicles. Energy. 2001, 26(11), 973-989. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-....
 
2.
BARTH, M., BORIBOONSOMSIN, K. Energy and emissions impacts of a freeway-based dynamic eco-driving system. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2009, 14(6), 400-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.....
 
3.
BECKER, T., SIDHU, I., TENDERICH, B. Electric vehicles in the United States: a new model with forecasts to 2030. Technical Brief. University of California. Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology. Berkeley 2009.
 
4.
BIENIEK, A., GRABA, M., HENNEK, K. et al. Analysis of fuel consumption of a spark ignition engine in the conditions of a variable load. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017, 118. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecc....
 
5.
BOKARE, P.S., MAURYA, A.K. Acceleration-deceleration behaviour of various vehicle types. Transportation Research Procedia. 2017, 25, 4733-4749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpr....
 
6.
CHŁOPEK, Z. Research on energy consumption by an electrically driven automotive vehicle in simulated urban conditions. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability. 2013, 15(1), 75-82.
 
7.
ARENA, F., SPERA, D., LAGUARDIA F. What’s in the future for fuel cell vehicles? 2017. https://www.adlittle.com/en/in....
 
8.
DELLOITLE. Fuelling the future mobility – hydrogen and fuel cell sollutions for transportation. 2019. https://www2.deloitte.com/cont....
 
9.
GRABA, M., MAMALA, J., BIENIEK, A. et al. Impact of the acceleration intensity of a passenger car in a road test on energy consumption. Energy. 2021, 226, 120429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ener....
 
10.
International Energy Agency. Energy Technology Perspectives 2017 – Executive Summary. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1787/energy....
 
11.
KE, W., ZHANG, S., HE, X. et al. Well-to-wheels energy consumption and emissions of electric vehicles: Mid-term implications from real-world features and air pollution control progress. Applied Energy. 2017, 188, 367-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apen....
 
12.
KROPIWNICKI, J., FURMANEK, M. Analysis of the regenerative braking process for the urban traffic conditions. Combustion Engines. 2019, 178(3), 203-207. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-20....
 
13.
KROPIWNICKI, J. A unified approach to the analysis of electric energy and fuel consumption of cars in city traffic. Energy. 2019, 182, 1045-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ener....
 
14.
LIMBLICI, C. Investigation of engine concepts with regard to their potential to meet the Euro 7 emission standard using 1D-CFD software. Politecnico di Torino. Master Thesis. 2020. https://webthesis.biblio.polit....
 
15.
MAMALA, J., GRABA, M., PRAZNOWSKI, K. et al. Control of the effective pressure in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine by electromagnetic valve actuator. SAE Technical Papers 2019-01-1201. 2019. https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-0....
 
16.
MAMALA, J., ŚMIEJA, M., PRAŻNOWSKI, K. Analysis of the total unit energy consumption of a car with a hybrid drive system in real operating conditions. Energies. 2021, 14(13), 3966. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1413....
 
17.
ORECCHINI, F., SANTIANGELI, A., ZUCCARI, F. et al. Energy consumption of a last generation full hybrid vehicle compared with a conventional vehicle in real drive conditions. Energy Procedia. 2018, 148, 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyp....
 
18.
PIELECHA, I., CIEŚLIK, W., SZAŁEK, A. Operation of electric hybrid drive systems in varied driving conditions. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability. 2018, 20(1), 16-23. https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2....
 
19.
PIELECHA, I., PIELECHA, J. Simulation analysis of electric vehicles energy consumption in driving tests. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability. 2020, 22(1), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2....
 
20.
PITANUWAT, S., SRIPAKAGORN, A. An investigation of fuel economy potential of hybrid vehicles under real-world driving conditions in Bangkok. Energy Procedia. 2015, 79, 1046-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyp....
 
21.
QIU, S., QIU, L., QIAN, L. et al. Hierarchical energy management control strategies for connected hybrid electric vehicles considering efficiencies feedback. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory. 2019, 90, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simp....
 
22.
SHARER, P., LEYDIER, R., ROUSSEAU, A. Impact of drive cycle aggressiveness and speed on HEVs fuel consumption sensitivity. SAE Technical Papers 2007-01-0281. 2007. https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-0....
 
23.
THOMAS, J., HUFF, S., WEST, B. et al. Fuel consumption sensitivity of conventional and hybrid electric light-duty gasoline vehicles to driving style. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants. 2017, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-0....
 
24.
WANG, H., ZHANG, X., OUYANG, M. Energy consumption of electric vehicles based on real-world driving patterns: A case study of Beijing. Applied Energy. 2015, 157, 710-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apen....
 
25.
WANG, Z., ZHAO, Z., WANG, D. et al. Impact of pilot diesel ignition mode on combustion and emissions characteristics of a diesel/natural gas dual fuel heavy-duty engine. Fuel. 2016, 167, 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel....
 
26.
YEO, H., HWANG, S., KIM, H. Regenerative braking algorithm for a hybrid electric vehicle with CVT ratio control. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering. 2006, 220(11), 1589-1600. https://doi.org/10.1243/095440....
 
27.
Mercedes-Benz A250e homologation certificate. 2020.
 
28.
Mercedes me media. https://www.mercedes-benz.pl/p... mercedes-benz-cars/mercedes-me.
 
 
CITATIONS (2):
1.
Modeling the fuel consumption by a HEV vehicle – a case study
Maciej Lisowski, Wawrzyniec Gołębiewski, Konrad Prajwowski, Krzysztof Danilecki, Mirosław Radwan
Combustion Engines
 
2.
Assessment of the life cycle of city buses with diesel and electric drive in the operation phase
Paweł Regulski
Combustion Engines
 
eISSN:2658-1442
ISSN:2300-9896
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top