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A systematic literature review on biodiesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engines: feedstock diversity, performance, emission and combustion characteristics
1
Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia
2
Mechanical Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia
Submission date: 2026-07-17
Final revision date: 2026-07-28
Acceptance date: 2026-08-10
Online publication date: 2026-08-18
Corresponding author
Mochammad Hildad Ajiban
Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Raya ITS, 60111, Surabaya, Indonesia
Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Raya ITS, 60111, Surabaya, Indonesia
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Biodiesel–hydrogen dual-fuel technology has emerged as a promising approach to improve the performance and environmental sustainability of compression ignition (CI) engines. This systematic literature review aims to evaluate the influence of hydrogen addition on biodiesel-fueled CI engines by synthesising recent studies on feedstock diversity, engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics. A systematic search was conducted using the Scopus database, and 34 eligible studies published between 2020 and 2025 were selected following the PRISMA guideline. The review shows that hydrogen enrichment generally improves brake thermal efficiency while reducing brake-specific fuel consumption by promoting faster and more complete combustion. Significant reductions in CO, HC, and particulate-related emissions are consistently reported, whereas NOx emissions tend to increase because of higher in-cylinder combustion temperatures. Unlike previous reviews that mainly focus on biodiesel production or hydrogen-fuelled engines independently, this review provides an integrated assessment of biodiesel–hydrogen dual-fuel compression ignition engines by correlating biodiesel feedstock diversity with engine performance, emission characteristics, and combustion behaviour. The synthesized findings highlight the interactions between fuel properties, hydrogen addition, and engine operating parameters, providing evidence-based recommendations for optimizing biodiesel–hydrogen dual-fuel diesel engines and guiding future research.
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