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Analysis of the energy consumption of electric two-wheeled vehicles based on the road cycle simulation
1
Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poland
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Submission date: 2025-06-15
Final revision date: 2025-11-25
Acceptance date: 2025-12-10
Online publication date: 2026-01-26
Corresponding author
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The paper focuses on the development and validation of a simulation model that allows the assessment of the influence of the design and operating parameters on the maximum range of an urban electric two-wheeler. The performed research covered real-world tests under urban conditions on a distance of 5.2 km, while monitoring the electrical parameters of an electric scooter. The sampling resolution was 0.1 seconds. The results of the measurements allowed estimating the range of the vehicle under real-world conditions on the level of 60.053 km, which corresponds to the energy consumption of 2.15 kWh/100 km. Based on the experimental data, the authors developed an advanced simulation model in the MATLAB environment. The model included dynamic acceleration/deceleration cycles, aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance and battery characteristics. The simulation of the driving cycle has shown the vehicle range of 60.778 km with the energy consumption of 2.12 kWh/100 km. The simulation results are characterized by a very high convergence with the results obtained in the road cycles. The simulation model allows the analysis of the vehicle range variability depending on such design and operating parameters as gross vehicle weight, aerodynamic drag, drivetrain efficiency or battery characteristics. The investigations described in the paper support the advancement of electromobility, thus, adding to the improvement of urban transport.
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