Current issue
Online first
Archive
About the Journal
Aims and scope
Publisher and Editorial
Advertising policy
For Authors
Paper review procedures
Procedures protecting authentic authorship of papers
Paper preparation manual
Plagiarism check
Publication ethics
Reviewers
APC
Editorial and Scientific Board
Contact
Reviewers
Geopolitical factors influencing the rightsizing of combustion engines
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Automotive Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Submission date: 2025-08-20
Final revision date: 2025-09-24
Acceptance date: 2025-09-25
Online publication date: 2025-10-16
Corresponding author
Zbigniew SROKA
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Automotive Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, wybrzeze Wyspianskeigo 27, PL-50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Automotive Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, wybrzeze Wyspianskeigo 27, PL-50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Just a year ago, there were suggestions and even demands about the "death of the combustion engine." Such considerations were conducted in both the fields of science and engineering, where the prospects of electric drive dominance in the next 10-30 years were highlighted. Only a few exceptions supported a moderate approach to the issue of phasing out the combustion engine. Some individuals personally paid the price with their positions for the delay in implementing the so-called zero-emission drives. Today, as the pace of electric vehicle purchases has significantly slowed, and fans of many brands express a desire to stick with combustion engines, and as more factories are struggling to maintain production, it is crucial to thoroughly reassess opinions on propulsion, modern technologies, and legal regulations. Compromise seems to be the downsizing technology of the internal combustion engine as an independent drive or in a hybrid system aligned with the rightsizing development trend. The article aims to present various perspectives on the application of rightsizing in relation to technique, legal issues, ecology, and economy, as well as social connections between different automotive groups and regions throughout the world.
REFERENCES (90)
1.
Aaron C. The real impact of engine downsizing: benefits and drawbacks explained. https://autopartswd.com/engine... (accessed on July 28, 2025).
2.
Baskin A, de Jong R, Dumitrescu E, Akumu J, Stannah VR, Mwangi A et al. A global overview of used light duty vehicles report: flow, scale and regulation, united nations environment programme, Dec 28; 2020. https://www.unep.org/resources... (accessed on July 28, 2025).
3.
Belsare HV. PESTLE analysis. Int J Adv Res. 2025;13(2):608-612. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR0....
4.
Brzeżański M, Śliwiński K, Downsizing – a new direction of automobile engine development. Combustion Engines 2004;119(2):3-11. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-11....
5.
Cassiani M, Bittencourt ML, Galli LA, Villalva SG. Variable compression ratio engines. SAE Technical Papers. 2009-36-0245. 2009. https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-3....
6.
California Code of Regulations Title 10 – Investment Chapter 5 – Insurance Commissioner Subchapter 4.7 – Private Passenger Automobile Rating Factors, Article 3 – Rating Factors Section 2632.5 – Rating Factors.
7.
Chen Y, Lawell CYCL, Wang Y. The Chinese automobile industry and government policy. Res Transportation Econ. 2021;84(28):100849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retr....
8.
Chen Y, Dai X, Fu P, Luo G, Shi P. A review of China's automotive industry policy: recent developments and future trends. J Traffic Transp Eng. 2024;11(5):867-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte....
9.
Dahodwala M, Joshi S, Krishnamoorthy H, Koehler EW, Franke M. Evaluation of system configurations for downsizing a heavy-duty diesel engine for non-road applications. SAE Int J Engines. 2016;9(4): 2272-2285. https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-0....
10.
Danciu BA, Giannakopoulos GK, Bode M, Frouzakis CHE. Direct numerical simulation of hydrogen combustion in a real‑size IC engine. Cornell Univeristy, ArxiV Physics, Fluid Dynamics. 2025. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv....
11.
Directive 2009/103/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 relating to insurance against civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles, and the enforcement of the obligation to insure against such liability. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/....
12.
Dziemianowicz W, Szmigiel-Rawska K, Nowicka P, Dąbrowska A. Planowanie strategiczne. MRR. Warszawa 2012.
13.
Falfari S, Bianchi GM, Cazzoli G. Thermal efficiency enhancement for future rightsized boosted GDI engines – effectiveness of the operation point strategies depending on the engine type. SAE Technical Papers. 2021-24-0009. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-2....
14.
Fisher CH. Carburation, spark-ignition engines fuel injection systems. Vol III, Chapman&Hall, London 1966.
15.
Fraser N, Bassett M. Extreme engine downsizing with a single turbocharger – 100 kW/l and 30 bar BMEP. Seminar Proceedings IMechE. London, February 2011;3145.
16.
Fraser ADJ. How low can we go? Challenges and opportunities of engine downsizing to reduces CO2 emissions, Seminar Proceedings IMechE, Londyn 2011;3145.
17.
Friedl H, Kapus P. Trends in gasoline engines technology. Combustion Engines. 2005;121(2):3-19. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-11....
18.
Galloni E, Fontana G, Palmaccio R. Effects of exhaust gas recycle in a downsized gasoline engine. Appl Energy. 2013;105:99-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apen....
19.
Glickman B. After years of going big, American car buyers are downsizing. The Wall Street Journal. Dec. 23, 2024.
20.
Gupta A, Saul J, Abdel-Gayed RG. Downsizing of a naturally aspirated engine to turbocharged gasoline direct injection variable valve timing engine. Int J Eng Appl Sci. 2013;4(6):1-10.
21.
Huang Y, Surawski NC, Zhuang Y, Zhou JL, Hong G. Dual injection: an effective and efficient technology to use renewable fuels in spark ignition engines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 2021;143:110921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser....
22.
Interim regulations of the people's Republic of China on consumption tax. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/200... (accessed on July 28, 2025).
23.
Kalghatgi G. Is it the end of combustion and engine combustion research? Should it be? Transp Eng. 2022;10:100142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tren....
25.
Kemper H, Baumgarten H, Hebermann K, Yapici KI, Pischinger S. On the road towards consequent downsizing. MTZ Worldwide. 2003;54(5):16-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0322....
27.
Lejda K. Injection systems of high-speed diesel engines and development trends. Combustion Engines. 2005;123(4):19-30. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-11....
28.
Lejda K, Woś P. Fuel injection in automotive engineering – simulation of combustion process in direct injection diesel engine based on fuel injection characteristics. InTech. 2012. https://www.intechopen.com/boo....
29.
Lenz HP. The future of the combustion engines from the sight of the 28th International Vienna Motor Symposium. Combustion Engines. 2007;129(2):21-32. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-11....
30.
Lenz HP. 30 International Vienna Motor Symposium May 2009 – Report on the occasion of the International Congress PTNSS on Combustion Engines in Opole. Combustion Engines. 2009;137(2):150-154. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-11....
31.
Lu C. Analysis of China’s new energy vehicle industry. Proceedings of the 2022 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development. 2022;648:1249-1256. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.....
32.
Makos J. The impact of Trump's tariffs: PESTLE breakdown. https://pestleanalysis.com/tru... (accessed on Apr 04, 2025).
33.
Mazanec JM, Vang NS, Kokjohn SL. Enabling off-highway diesel engine downsizing and performance improvement using electrically assisted turbocharging. Int J Engine Res. 2023;24(9):4104-4126. https://doi.org/10.1177/146808....
34.
Mitianiec W, Bac G. Camless hydraulic valve timing system in combustion engines. Combustion Engines. 2011;146(3):28-37. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-11....
35.
Namar MM, Jahanian O, Shafaghat R, Nikzadfar K. Engine downsizing; global approach to reduce emissions. A world-wide review. HighTech and Innovation Journal. 2021;2(4):384-399. https://doi.org/10.28991/HIJ-2....
36.
Patil C, Varade S, Wadkar S. A review of engine downsizing and its effects. Int J of Curr Eng Technol. 2017;7(7):319-324. http://inpressco.com/category/....
37.
Pielecha I, Cieślik W, Borowski P, Czajka J, Bueschke W. Reduction of the number of cylinders in internal combustion engines – contemporary trends in downsizing. Combustion Engines. 2014;159(4):12-25. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-11....
38.
Perceau M, Guibert P, Guilain S, Segretain F, Redlinger T. Why can Miller cycle improve the overall efficiency of gasoline engines? THIESEL – Conference on Thermo- and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Direct Injection Engines. 2020.
40.
Reynders D. Member of the EC – Letter from Commissioner Reynders to Volkswagen on compensation, Ares(2020) s4604327, Brussels September 17, 2020.
41.
Rinaldini CA, Breda S, Fontanesi S, Savioli T. Two-stage turbocharging for the downsizing of SI V-engines. Energy Procedia. 2015;81:715-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyp....
42.
Sroka ZJ, Dworaczyński MK, Assessment of thermodynamic cycle of internal combustion engine in terms of rightsizing. Combustion Engines. 2019;178(3):182-186. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-20....
43.
Sroka ZJ. Work cycle of internal combustion engine due to rightsizing, internal combustion engine technology and application of biodiesel fuel. IntechOpen. 2021. https://doi.org/10.5772/intech....
44.
Stabryła A. Zarządzanie strategiczne w teorii i praktyce firmy (in Polish). PWN. Warszawa–Kraków 2000.
45.
Szałek A, Pielecha I. The influence of engine downsizing in hybrid powertrains on the energy flow indicators under actual traffic conditions. Energies. 2021;14:2872. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1410....
46.
Szwaja S, Szymkowiak M. The Szymkowiak’s over-expanded cycle in the rocker engine with the variable compression ratio – kinematics, Combustion Engines. 2022;189(2):68-72. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-14....
47.
Vlaswinkel M, Antunes D, Willems F. Automated and risk‑aware engine control calibration using constrained Bayesian optimization. Cornell Univeristy, ArxiV Physics, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science, Systems and Control. 2025. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv....
49.
Walsch MP. Global trends in motor vehicle pollution control: a 2011 update; part 3. Combustion Engines. 2011;167(4):98-103. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-11....
50.
Weissbäck M, Howlett M, Ausserhofer N, Krapf S. The efficiency engine – cost-effective alternative to downsizing. Combustion Engines. 2012;149(2):3-9. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-11....
51.
Wendeker M. Sterowanie napełnianiem w silniku samochodowym (in Polish). Lubelskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. Lubin 1999.
52.
Wendeker M. Adaptacyjne sterowanie wtryskiem benzyny w silniku (in Polish). PWN. Warszawa 2000.
53.
Wisłocki K, Pielecha I, Czajka J, Maslennikov D. The qualitative spray analysis of liquid fuel in high-pressure piezoelectric injection system, Combustion Engines. 2010;143(4):31-44. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-11....
59.
https://www.europarl.europa.eu... STO31218/emisje-co2-z-samochodow-fakty-i-liczby-infografiki (accessed on July 17, 2025).
82.
https://www.imo.org/en/mediace... imo-approves-netzero-regulations.aspx (accessed on Apr 11, 2025).
| eISSN: | 2658-1442 |
| ISSN: | 2300-9896 |
The scientific journal is financed under the Agreement 185/WCN/2019/1 from the funds of the Minister of Science and Higher Education
© 2006-2025 Journal hosting platform by Bentus
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
