Current issue
Online first
Archive
About the Journal
Aims and scope
Publisher and Editorial
Advertising policy
Repository policy
Contact
Copyright
For Authors
Paper review procedures
Procedures protecting authentic authorship of papers
Paper preparation manual
Plagiarism check
Publication ethics
Reviewers
APC
Open Access Policy
Editorial and Scientific Board
Contact
Reviewers
The integration of the fuel additives and the mathematical modeling approach to enhance the engine exhaust emissions
1
Department of Petroleum and Refining Engineering, University of Mosul, Iraq
2
Department of Agricultural Machines and Equipment, University of Mosul, Iraq
Submission date: 2026-04-12
Final revision date: 2026-06-02
Acceptance date: 2026-06-16
Online publication date: 2026-08-18
Corresponding author
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The emission characteristics of a Perkins AD4.248 four-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine with Diesel Smoke Stop (DSS) enhancement were evaluated for several loads. The engine was operated using four parameters, including a DSS additive concentration of 3 to 6 ml.l-1 added to diesel fuel, a machine body vibration (MBV) of 100 to 300 m.s-2, an engine speed (ES) of 1500 to 2000 rpm, and an engine operation time (EOT) of 1 to 3 hours. To improve engine performance, the engine optimization and analysis of their effects on engine exhaust gases, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), were evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that adding a 3 ml DSS fuel improver per liter of diesel fuel recorded the lowest overall CO, NO, and H2S emissions. The lowest exhaust gas emissions achieved at the DSS additive concentration of 3 ml.l-1 overlapped with an engine speed of 1500 rpm, an engine operation time of 1 hour, and a vibration of 100 m.s-2. The RSM models demonstrated acceptable performance in predicting each exhaust emission with an accuracy of 79.13%, 79.35%, and 79.95% for CO, NO, and H2S, respectively.
REFERENCES (43)
1.
Adou AI, Brelle L, Marote P, Sylvestre M, Cebriàn-Torrejòn G, Nomede-Martyr N. Physicochemical properties of coconut and waste cooking oils for biofuel production and lubrication. Fuels. 2025;6(3):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels6....
2.
Alagumalai A, Jodat A, Mahian O, Ashok B. NOx formation chemical kinetics in IC engines. NOx emission control technologies in stationary and automotive internal combustion engines. Elsevier. 2022:39-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0....
3.
Awwad AA, Hilal YY, Rajab RH. The effect of diesel fuel additives on the exhaust gases of agricultural tractors during plowing. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2023;1262(9):092001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1....
4.
Ayoub HH, Rajab RH, Hilal YY. An experimental investi-gation on the influence of enhancers fuel and some perfor-mance indicators on a two-leg subsoiler plow. Edelweiss Appl Sci Technol. 2024;8(6):1057-1072. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768....
5.
Belo LP. Reactions, transformations and impacts of sulfur oxides during oxy-fuel combustion. Doctoral dissertation. De La Salle University. 2015. https://openresearch.newcastle....
6.
Dahlan I, Azhar EE, Hassan SR, Aziz HA, Hung YT. Statis-tical modeling and optimization of process parameters for 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal by using AC/PDMAEMA hydrogel adsorbent: comparison of differ-ent RSM designs and ANN training methods. Water. 2022;14(19):3061. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193....
7.
Dev S, Lafrance S, Liko B, Guo H. A study on effect of engine operating parameters on NOx emissions and exhaust temperatures of a heavy-duty diesel engine during idling. Int J Engine Res. 2023;24(3):982-998. https://doi.org/10.1177/146808....
8.
Elkelawy M, Aly Farag M, Seleem HE. Enhancing diesel engine power plant efficiency and cutting emissions with commercial fuel additives in generator systems. Pharos Eng Sci J. 2025;2(1):37-46. https://doi.org/10.21608/pesj.....
9.
Elkelawy M, Bastawissi HA, Shams M. Influence of diesel engine load, waste cooking oil biodiesel blend percentage, and nanoparticles concentrations on brake thermal efficiency and NOx emissions using response surface methodology. Pharos Eng Sci J. 2025;2(1):59-74. https://doi.org/10.21608/pesj.....
10.
Elkelawy M, Elkomy M, Seleem HE. Strategies for optimiz-ing efficiency and reducing emissions footprint in spark ig-nition engine power plants using ethanol and CNG. Pharos Eng Sci J. 2025;2(1):107-116. https://doi.org/10.21608/pesj.....
11.
Elgharbi S, Ounifi I, Boubakri A, Abdedayem A. A review of the application of response surface methodology in nano-filtration: insights into process modeling, parametric analysis, and optimization. Sep Sci Technol. 2025;60(12):1589-1603. https://doi.org/10.1080/014963....
12.
Fayad MA, Chaichan MT, Dhahad HA, Al-Amiery AA, Wan Isahak WN. Reducing the effect of high sulfur content in diesel fuel on NOx emissions and PM characteristics using a PPCI mode engine and gasoline–diesel blends. ACS Omega. 2022;7(42):37328-37339. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/1....
13.
Hilal YY, Ishak W, Yahya A, Asha'ari ZH. Development of genetic algorithm for optimization of yield models in oil palm production. Chil J Agric Res. 2018;78(2):228-237. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-....
14.
Holechek JL, Geli HM, Sawalhah MN, Valdez R. A global assessment: can renewable energy replace fossil fuels by 2050? Sustainability. 2022;14(8):4792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1408....
15.
Klett DE, Afify EM, Srinivasan KK, Jacobs TJ. Internal combustion engines. Energy Conversion. 2017:223-255. CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/....
16.
Janulevičius A, Juostas A, Čiplienė A. Nitrogen-oxide emis-sions from diesel-engine farm tractors during real-life cycles and their correlation with the not-to-exceed operating zones. Biosyst Eng. 2017;161:93-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios....
17.
Li J, Wei J, Chen H, Xu Y, Liu Y, Dai Q. Study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using diesel/ethanol blend with carbon nanoadditives. Renewable Energy. 2025;246:122941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rene....
18.
Longwic R, Kuszneruk M, Klepka MM. Comparative analy-sis of exhaust emissions from a compression-ignition engine fueled with mixtures of rapeseed oil with n-hexane and diesel fuel during selected phases of the WLTP test. Combustion Engines. 2026;205(2):39-45. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-21....
19.
Mądziel M. Vehicle emission models and traffic simulators: a review. Energies. 2023;16(9):3941. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1609....
20.
Mahdisoozani H, Mohsenizadeh M, Bahiraei M, Kasaeian A, Daneshvar A, Goodarzi M et al. Performance enhancement of internal combustion engines through vibration control: state of the art and challenges. Appl Sci. 2019;9(3):406. https://doi.org/10.3390/app903....
21.
Mihanović L, Jelić M, Sumić T, Radica G, Račić N. Exper-imental investigation of exhaust emission from marine diesel engines. 2020 5th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech). 2020:1-4. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.23919/SpliT....
22.
Paw JK, Kiong TS, Kamarulzaman MK, Adam A, Hisham S, Kadirgama K et al. Advancing renewable fuel integration: A comprehensive response surface methodology approach for internal combustion engine performance and emissions optimization. Heliyon. 2023;9(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heli....
23.
Qiu T, Liu Z, Lei Y, Ma X, Chen Z, Li N et al. Research on input parameter optimization for NOx deep learning predic-tion model. Int J Engine Res. 2024;25(12):2111-2124. https://doi.org/10.1177/146808....
24.
Ramalingam K, Abdullah MZ, Elumalai PV, Reddy MV, Yafang Y, Prabhakar S et al. Production and utilization of hydrogen enriched fifth generation biofuel in LTC engines with reformed EGR. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):25922. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598....
25.
Salam S, Choudhary T, Pugazhendhi A, Verma TN, Sharma A. A review on recent progress in computational and empir-ical studies of compression ignition internal combustion en-gine. Fuel. 2020;279:118469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel....
26.
Sciortino DD. CFD modelling of the mixture preparation in a modern gasoline direct injection engine and correlations with experimental PN emissions. Doctoral dissertation, Oxford Brookes University. 2024. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/ra....
27.
Sekar M, Selim MY, Saleh HE, Elgendi M. Utilization of hydrogen and methane as energy carriers with exhaust gas recirculation for sustainable diesel engines. Energy Convers Manag: X. 2024;23:100618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx....
28.
Seo J, Park S. Optimizing model parameters of artificial neural networks to predict vehicle emissions. Atmos Environ. 2023;294:119508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmo....
29.
Sharma P, Sarstedt M, Shmueli G, Kim KH, Thiele KO. PLS-based model selection: The role of alternative explanations in information systems research. J Assoc Inf Syst. 2019;20(4):4. https://doi.org/10.17005/1jais....
30.
Simsek S, Uslu S, Sahin M, Arlı F, Bilgic G. Impact of a novel fuel additive containing boron and hydrogen on diesel engine performance and emissions. Energy Sources A: Re-covery Util Environ Eff. 2024;46(1):10846-10860. https://doi.org/10.1080/155670....
31.
Sivakumar DB, Arulmozhi M, Sathyanarayanan S, Sridharan M. Optimization of gasoline engine operating parameters fueled with DIPE-gasoline blend: comparative evaluation between response surface methodology and fuzzy logic expert system. Process Saf Environ Prot. 2022;158:291-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep....
32.
Sudrajad A, Sunardi S, Rosyadi I, Iskandar D. Evaluation of exhaust emissions of diesel engine using pyrolysis waste plastics fuel. J Mech Eng Sci Innov. 2024;4(1):75-83. https://doi.org/10.31284/j.jme....
33.
Syed S. Advanced manufacturing analytics: optimizing engine performance through real-time data and predictive maintenance. Lett High Energy Phys. 2023:184-95. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/D....
34.
Tamilvanan A, Ashok B, Mohanraj T, Jayalakshmi P, Dhamodharan P, Sakthivel R. Effect of engine operating pa-rameters in NOx reduction. NOx emission control technolo-gies in stationary and automotive internal combustion engines. Elsevier. 2022:125-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0....
35.
Thiagarajan S, Seetharaman S, Lokesh R, Prasanth G, Kar-thick B, Josephin JF et al. Impact of hydrogen-assisted com-bustion in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber powered by rapeseed oil/waste cooking oil biodiesel. Internat J Hydrogen Energy. 2025;104:367-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhy....
36.
Uppar R, Dinesha P, Kumar S. A comparative analysis of the emissions and performance of diesel fuel combustion lu-bricated by jatropha bio-lubricant with MWCNT additive and jojoba bio-lubricant with TiO2 additive. Discov Sustain. 2025;6(1):425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621....
37.
Verma D, Upadhyaya K. Screening the statistical impact of some independent variables on the particle size and entrap-ment efficiency (EE) for the design and development of cur-cumin-loaded PLGA-Tf nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2023;13(11). https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.....
38.
Veza I, Spraggon M, Fattah IR, Idris M. Response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing engine performance and emissions fueled with biofuel: Review of RSM for sustaina-bility energy transition. Results Eng. 2023;18:101213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rine....
39.
Wang Z, Chen Y, He C, Wang D, Nie Y, Li J. Effect of improved combustion chamber design and biodiesel blending on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine. Energies. 2025;18(11):2956. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1811....
40.
Wang Y, van de Beld B, Florijn J, Holle E, Scheer R, Maes N et al. Application of fast pyrolysis bio-oil in a genset engine for combined heat and power generation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2025;211:115285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser....
41.
Zbikowski M, Teodorczyk A. Machine learning for internal combustion engine optimization with hydrogen-blended fuels: a literature review. Energies. 2025;18(6):1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1806....
42.
Zhang Z, Liang K, Pan M, Wang H, Sang H, Zhou S et al. Exhaust emissions prediction in spark ignition engine using LightGBM optimized with the marine predators algorithm. Appl Therm Eng. 2025;275:126800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appl....
43.
Zimakowska-Laskowska M, Bogdanowicz A, Kniaziewicz T. Assessment of exhaust gas concentration uniformity in a marine engine duct based on dual-point sampling and CFD modelling. Combustion Engines. 2026;205(2):3-16. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-20....
| eISSN: | 2658-1442 |
| ISSN: | 2300-9896 |
The scientific journal is financed under the Agreement 185/WCN/2019/1 from the funds of the Minister of Science and Higher Education
© 2006-2026 Journal hosting platform by Bentus
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
