Figure from article: The results of a hybrid...
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of tests on a hybrid petrol-electric vehicle with external additional charging of the electric battery (a so-called "PHEV" solution). The tests were primarily intended to measure energy consumption, but vehicle speed was also recorded. The tests were conducted on test routes representing urban and rural driving. The tests were conducted for various vehicle control strategies. The hybrid drive and controlled battery charging strategies were implemented for zero and full initial battery charge. Additional tests were conducted in "sport" mode to achieve the highest power output. The tests were conducted with various measurement systems: based on measurements from the fuel dispenser, the on-board computer, the MyBMW application, and the external EOBD interface. It was found that there were no significant differences in the measurement results between the systems used. The results showed that the sensitivity of average speed measurements to the control strategy for all test route stages was on the order of 6–16%. The sensitivity of average volumetric fuel consumption measurements to the control strategy for all test route stages was on the order of 4–80%. Whereas the sensitivity of the average speed measurement results to test route stages for all control strategies was on the order of (33–53)%. The sensitivity of average volumetric fuel consumption measurements to test route stages across all control strategies was on the order of 19–60%.
REFERENCES (17)
1.
Adedeji BP. A multivariable output neural network ap-proach for simulation of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle fuel consumption. Green Energy Intell Transp. 2023;2(2):100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geit....
 
2.
Andrych‐Zalewska M, Chlopek Z, Merkisz J, Pielecha J. Determination of characteristics of pollutant emission from a vehicle engine under traffic conditions in the engine test. Combustion Engines. 2022;191(4):58-65. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-14....
 
3.
BMW Group: Technical specifications. The new 5 Series Touring. 530e xDrive. https://www.press.bmwgroup.com... (accessed on 2026.02.23).
 
4.
BUWAL, INFRAS AG: Luftschadstoffemissionen des Strassenverkehrs 1950-2010. BUWAL-Bericht, Nr 255, 1995.
 
5.
Cardoso DS, Fael PO, Espírito-Santo A. A review of micro and mild hybrid system. Energy Rep. 2020;6(1):385-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr....
 
6.
Delso-Vicente A-T, Camperos M-C, Almonacid-Duran M. The evolution of electric and hybrid vehicles and their influence on sustainable transport: a review and future research lines. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship. 2025;4(2):100100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae....
 
7.
Ehsani M, Gao Y, Gay SE, Emadi A. Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles: Fundamentals, theory, and design. CRC Press. 2010.
 
8.
EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/a....
 
9.
Merkisz J, Pielecha I. Układy elektryczne pojazdów hybry-dowych (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej. Poznań 2017.
 
10.
Nayak N, Satpathy A. An adaptive energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) utilizing real-time speed profiles and optimized battery discharge levels. Energy Storage and Saving. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enss....
 
11.
Nemry F, Leduc G, Muñoz A. Plug-in hybrid and battery-electric vehicles: state of the research and development and comparative analysis of energy and cost efficiency. Joint Research Centre. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. Luxembourg 2009.
 
12.
Pramuangjaroenkij A, Kakac S. The fuel cell electric vehicles: The highlight review. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2022;48(25):9401-9425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhy....
 
13.
Sadeq AM. Hybrid and electric vehicles: a comprehensive guide. https://doi.org/10.13980/RG.2.....
 
14.
Shi T, Zhao F, Hao H, Liu Z. Development trends of trans-missions for hybrid electric vehicles using an optimized energy management strategy. Automot Innov. 2018;1:291-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42154....
 
15.
Sordyl A, Chłopek Z, Merkisz J. Correlation relationships of processes in the combustion engine in the RDE test. Combustion Engines. 2024;199(4):112-125. https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-19....
 
16.
Takaoka T, Ichinose H. The newly developed Toyota plug-in hybrid system. 31. Internationales Wiener Motorensymposium. Wien 2010.
 
17.
Wang Y, Biswas A, Rodriguez R, Keshavarz-Motamed Z, Emadi A. Hybrid electric vehicle specific engines: State-of-the-art review. Energy Rep. 2021;8:832-851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr....
 
eISSN:2658-1442
ISSN:2300-9896
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top